Analysis of farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Cocoa Production in Kwara State
Keywords:
Climate change, adaptation, cocoa production practices, farmersAbstract
Changing climate and weather patterns are predicted to have severe negativeimpacts on food production, food security and natural resources in the immediate and coming years. Climate change alters the development of cocoa pods, insect pests and pathogens which translate into lower crop yields and impact farm income. This study examined the climate change adaptation strategies of farmers on cocoa production practices. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 60 cocoa farmers from three out of eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) producing cocoa in Kwara State. Interview schedule was used in data collection and analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results reveal that 60.7% of the farmers were male. Majority (59.9%) of the farmers were between middle and old age with farming experience of 21-30 years and farm size of mainly between 0.4-2.7 hectares. Most farmers (85%) observed an extension beyond the normal dry monthsof November to February. This situation could have some implications on cocoaproduction. The main climate change strategies adopted by farmers include praying for rain (86.7%), use of improved varieties, (81.7%), climate prediction (76.7%), changes in cropping pattern and agro-forestry (75% each), control of soil erosion (73.3%) and fertilizer application (60%). Inadequate irrigation, 41.7% and crop diversification, 36.7%; constituted minor strategies. The cocoa production practices still adopted were weeding, 98.3%; seedling planting, 96.7%; insect pest and diseases control, 95%; bush clearing, 93.3%; fermentation and drying, 91.7%; tree felling, 88.4%; pruning, 85% and burning before planting, 70%. However, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMC) showed that a significant relationship existed between age of cocoa farm (0.016) and cocoa production practices at P<0.05. Cocoa farmers’ climate change strategies (0.121) were not statistically related with cocoa production practices at P< 0.05. Most of the strategies and practices currently used by farmers should be improved upon to ensure appropriate agronomic practices and adaptation to changes in climate.References
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Adeogun, S.O., Olawoye, J.E. and Akinbile, L.A. (2010). Information sources to cocoa farmers on cocoa rehabilitation techniques (CRTs) in selected states of Nigeria. Journal Media and communication studies, Vol. 2, No.1, Pp. 009- 015.
Anim-kwapong, G.J and E.B Frimpong (2008). Vulnerability and adaptation assessment under the Netherlands climate change studies assistance programme phase 2 (NCCSAP2) Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change- impact of climate change on cocoa production. p. ii-v.
http://www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Ghana/ Accessed 09
January, 2012.
Arueya, G.L. (1989). Production of soap and other industrially useful substances from cocoa and kola waste. Annual Report of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria. P.94.
Ayanlaja, S.A. (2000).The development of an alley cropping system: a viable agroforestry technology for sustained cocoa production in Nigeria. Cocoa Growers’ Bulleting, No. 52, Pp. 9-18.
Ayoola, B. Fasina, K.B., and Aikpokpodion, P. (2000). Development of the Nigerian cocoa industry: current issues and challenges for research and production. Proceedings of the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference Sabah, Malaysia. Pp 1367-1373.
Bradshaw B., H. Dolan, and B. Smit. 2004. Farm-level adaptation to climatic variability and change: Crop diversification in the Canadian Prairies. Climatic Change, No. 67, Pp.119–141.
CTA Agritrade (2012). Impact of climate change on cocoa production in West Africa Online @ http://agritrade.cta.int/en/content/view/full/8185. Accessed 09 January, 2012.
Enete, A.A. and Amusa, T.A. (2010). Challenges of Agricultural Adaptation to climate change in Nigeria: A synthesis from the literature. Field Actions Science reports [Online], Vol.4, online since 20 December 2010,http://www.factsreports.revues.org/678. Accessed 3rd January, 2012. Pp. 1- 55.
Gro-cocoa Global Research on Agriculture Newsletter (2008).Cocoa rehabilitation in Nigeria. No. 14 December, 2008. Pp. 3-5.
Hamzat, R.A; Umana, T.E. and Babayemi, O.J. (2003). Potentials of cocoa Husk pulp as a sole Feed Ingredient for African giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata). P.151. In Book of Abstracts of the 14th International Cocoa Conference. Organised by the Cocoa Producer’s Alliance (COPAL) with the Government of Ghana, Accra. 13th- 18th October.
ICCO Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics (2009/2010). Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, Cocoa year 2009/2010. www.icco.org Accessed 22nd November, 2011. ICCO Document (2012). Growing cocoa.www.icco.org/aboutgrowing/aspx.Accessed 8th January, 2012
IPCC. (2007). IPCC 4th Assessment Report - Climate Change 2007. Working Group II on “Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilityâ€. http://www.ipcc-wg2.org Iremirem, G.O. (2011). Soil fertility and ageing cocoa farms in Nigeria. A paper presented in World cocoa foundation.
http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/who-we-are/partnershipmeetings/
documents/IremirenPresentationPDF.pdf. Accessed 2nd January,
2012.
Jagtap, S.S. (1995). Discovery and innovation changes in Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Rainfall in Nigeria and consequences to Agriculture. J. Afr. Acad. Sci., 7(4) pP. 311-426.
Kwara state Agricultural Development Project KWADP (1996). Agronomic survey Report, Ilorin.
Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture, (2010). Kwara State Dairy for 2011.
Madu, D.B., Gundiri, M.N., Musa, I.K., Nwa, E.U., Adamu, M.S., Bala, M.S., Jada, A., Musa, I.K and Ogunniyi, E.O. (2010). Country Profile–Nigeria. Abuja:
Ministry of Water Resources.
Medugu, N. I. (2009). Nigeria: Climate Change - A Threat to the Country's Development. http://www.allafrica.com/nigeria
Mpako, J. and Ngome, I. (2009). Climate change and cocoa production in
Cameroon: Farmers’ experiences and livelihood implications
http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp January 2009.
National Cocoa Development Committee NCDC (2008). A handbook of the 4th National Cocoa day held in Akure, Ondo State . Published by NCDC. p.6
Ngigi, S.N. (2009). Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Water Resources Management Options for Smallholder Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. The MDG Centre for East and Southern Africa, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York. Online @ www.rockfellerfoundation.org
Odjugo, P. A. O. (2010). General Overview of Climate Change Impacts in Nigeria. Journal Hum Ecol, 29(1): 47-55.
Olubamiwa, O., Odewumi, W.O., Longe, O.G and Hamzat, R.A. (2000). Practical Inclusion of Cocoa bean Shell in poultry feeds: A Preliminary Report. Pp. 981-986, In Proceedings of the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference. Organised by Cocoa Producer’s Alliance with the Government of Malaysia. 9th-14th, October.
Oluyole, K. A. and Sanusi, R.A. (2009). Socio-Economic Variables and Cocoa Production in Cross River State, Nigeria. J Hum Ecol, 25(1) Pp. 5-8 2009.
Opeke, L.K. (2005). Tropical Commodity tree crops. Spectrum books Ltd., Ibadan. Pp. 89-91, 96-98.
Oyekale A.S., Bolaji, M.B. and Olowa, O.W. (2009). The effect of climate change on Cocoa production and Vulnerability Assessment in Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, Vol. 4 issue 2, Pp.77-85.
Ozor, N and Nnaji (2010). Difficulties in adaptation to climate change by farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol. 14 (2), Pp, 106-122. December 2010.
Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Owiyo, T., Kruska, R.L., Herrero, M., Kristjanson, P., Notenbaert, A. Bekele N and Omolo A, with contributions from Orindi V, Otiende B, Ochieng A, Bhadwal S, Anantram K, Nair S, Kumar V and Kulkar U (2006). Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. P.10.
Uwagboe, E.O., Ndagi, I., Agbongiarhuoyi, A. E., Adebiyi, S., and Aigbekaen, E.O. (2010). Assessment of Insect pest and disease control by cocoa farmers in relation to their income in Kwara State, Nigeria Middle East Journal of scientific Research. 2010. 6(2) Pp.147-151.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2007). Climatic Change Impact, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries UNFCCC Secretariat, Martin-Luther-King-Straat 8 53175 Bonn, Germany. http;//www.unfccc.int
Yusuf, T.M. (2000). Socio-Economic Analysis of poverty level among rural dwellers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Phil thesis in the Department of Agricultural Economics University of Ibadan, p.122
Ziervogel, G., A. Nyong, B. Osman, C. Conde, S. Cortes, and Dowing, T. (2006). Climate variability and change: implications for household food security. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC) Working Paper No. 20, January 2006. The AIACC Project Office, International START Secretariat, Washington DC,USA.
Zoellick, Robert, B. A. (2009). Climate Smart Future. The Nation Newspapers. Vintage Press Limited, Lagos, Nigeria. P.18.
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Published
2013-06-01
How to Cite
Agbongiarhuoyi, A. E., Abdulkarim, I. F., Fawole, O. P., Obatolu, B. O., Famuyiwa, B. S., & Oloyede, A. A. (2013). Analysis of farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Cocoa Production in Kwara State. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 17(1). Retrieved from https://journal.aesonnigeria.org/index.php/jae/article/view/37
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General Extension and Teaching Methods
