ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ARTISANAL FISHING IN EASTERN OBOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE
Keywords:
Artisanal, environmental, fishing, oil spillage, climatic factorsAbstract
The study identified the environmental factors affecting artisanal fishing in Eastern Obolo local government area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The study specifically determined the socio-economic characteristics of the fish farmers, the environmental factors affecting fishing in Eastern Obolo local government area, the constraints faced by artisanal fishermen in Eastern Obolo local government area and the relationship between the socio-economic characteristics and the constraints faced. Ninety artisanal fishermen were selected using two-stage sampling techniques. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule was used to get information. The research objectives were analyzed using frequency, percentages and mean. On the socio-economics characteristics of the artisanal fishermen, it was found that majority (58%) were male with 36% of the respondents having secondary school as their highest level of education. Also 31% have fishing experience of below10 years with yearly fish output of above 1000kg by 31% of the respondents and yearly income of greater than N200,000 by 53% of the respondents while 81%Â belong to co-operative society. None of the respondents have been visited by extension agents. The major environmental factors affecting artisanal fishing in the area were oil spillage (100%), waste disposal (100%) and climatic factors (100%). On the constraints faced, the study found out that militant activities, inadequate finance, Oil spillage around depots, and Poor sales were found to be serious. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that, the Government and other appropriate authorities should enforce the fishing laws and regulations to avoid illegal exploitation of fishing grounds by trawlers and the destruction of artisanal fishing gears. Also, better access to relevant information should be enhanced by making extension services available to fish farmers in the various depotsÂReferences
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Annune, P. A and Ogbe F.G (2000): “Problems of Capture Fisheries in Benue Stateâ€, 15th Annual Conference of fisheries society of Nigeria held on Jos, Plateau State 19th – 24th March 2000. Pp. 49-52.
Akeredolu, M.O (1990) Constraints to technology transfer in Artisanal Fisheries. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis Dept. of Agricultural Extension, University of Ibadan.
Awosika, L.F., 1991. Geology, hydrography, coastal erosion and settlement planning in relation to the Artisanal fishery development in the Niger Delta: Proceedings of the 1991 fisheries development extensionists training programme course by IFAD held at Uyo, pp: 36-41.
Bolorunduro P. (1996). Livestock and Fish Production Technology for Women in Agriculture. In
Proceedings of National trading workshop held at NAERI. 65-68.
Berkes F., Mahon R., McConney P. A., Pollnas R. B., Pomeroy R. S. (2007): Managing Small-scale Fisheries; Alternative Directions and Methods. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
Clement, A. R. (2013). Vulnerability of Fisheries Livelihood in the Coastal Area of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, Vol. 5, NO 2: ISSN 2078- 4589, pp 152- 158.
Coul, R. J. (1993). World Fisheries Resources. Routledge Pub. Company.London.
Ekpo I.E. (2012a). Hydrobiological study of Ikpa River in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Ph. D Dissertation, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Pp 487.
Ekpo I.E. (2012b). Diversity and condition factor of fish species of Ikpa River at Nwaniba in Niger Delta, Nigeria. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 1(1): 36-47.
Ekpo F. E. & Nzegblue E. C., (2012). Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Opportunities on Agricultural Production in Communities around Itu LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science, 2(4).
Ekpo I.E. (2013a). Women’s participation in lower Ikpa River fisheries of Akwa Ibom State
Nigeria: A case - study of Ifiayong. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8(1): 268 - 278.
Ekpo I.E. (2013b). Effect of physico-chemical parameters on zooplankton species and density of a tropical rainforest river in Niger Delta, Nigeria using Canonical Cluster Analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2(4): 13 -21.
Ekpo I.E., Chude L.A., Onuoha G.C. and Udoh J.P. (2012c). Studies on the physico-chemical
characteristics and nutrients of a tropical rainforest river in southeast Nigeria. AACL Bioflux, 5(3):142-162.
Ekpo I. E. & Essien-Ibok M. A., (2013). Development, Prospects and Challenges of Artisanal Fisheries in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science Management and Engineering Research, 2(3): 69-85.
Enyenihi U. K. (1990). Biological Conservation for Environmental Stability and Food Production. Trans. Nig. Soc. Boil. Conserve. 1:4-10.
Essen A.A. (1990). Review of the fisheries resources of Akwa Ibom State and the need for effective conservation. Trans. Nig. Soc. Boil. Conserve. 1: 116 – 129.
Etim L. (2010). The tragedy of the commons: alleviating the tragedy by managing the commons in Nigerian waters. The 27th Inaugural Lecture of the University of Uyo held on 27th May 2010. University of Uyo Press, Nigeria. Pp 60.
Etim L. and Brey T. (1994). Growth, productivity and significance for fisheries of the bivalve
Egeria radiata (Donacidae) in the Cross River, Nigeria. Archives of Fisheries and Marine Research, 42(1): 63 – 75.
Etim L. and Akpan E.R. (1991). Seasonal variation of metals (Hg, Pb, As) in the body tissue of
Egeria radiata (Lam) (Bivalvia: Tellinnacea: Donacidae) from the Cross River, Nigeria. Revue Zoology Africana. Journal of African Zoology, 105: 465 – 472.
Etim L., Akpan E.R. and Muller P. (1991). Temporal trends in heavy metals concentration in the clam, Egeria radiate (Bivalvia: Tellinnacea: Donacidae) from the Cross River, Nigeria. Revue d’Hydrobiolgy Tropicale, 24 (4): 327 – 333.
Eyo, A. A. (1992): “Utilization of Fresh Water Fish Species in Nigeriaâ€.Proceedings of 10th Annual Conference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria,
Zaria pp 32-38
Federal Office of Statistics (1999): Annual Abstract of Statistics, 1999 Edition, Abuja Nigeria. Pp 342 - 345
Food and Agricultural Organisation (1985) “Summary of Proceedings and Selected Papers on Planning and implementation of Fishers Management
and Development Programmes in Africaâ€. Fishers’ report 360, FAO/UN
Rome.
FAO (1986). Report of the CECAF adhoc working group on demersal and shrimp resources of the Gulf of Guinea. CECAF series 86/36, 108.
Food and Agricultural organization (1993) B.P Satia. “Ten years of integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.†Technical Report No.
50 (FAO 1993).
Food and Agricultural Organization (2002). “Promoting the Contribution of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and the Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation.†FAO Fisheries Report No.678 (Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, 2002)
FAO (2007). Building adaptive capacity to climate change policies to sustain livelihoods and fisheries. New direction in fisheries-A Series of policy briefs in fisheries development issues. 08:16.
Gorden, C. E. (1993) Engineering, Economics and Fisheries Management. Buckland Foundation Books.
Gordon, C., (1988) Agriculture in the drawdown of the Volta Lake: present status and
prospects. 3rd International Wetlands Conference. Rennes.
Ibrahim, B. U. Auta, J. Balogun, J. K. (2009). A survey of the Artisanal Fisheries of Kontagora Reservoir, Niger State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.2, NO: 1: pp 47-51.
IFAD (1988) Nigeria, Artisanal Fisheries project Appraisal report. 61.
Imeybore, A.M.A., (1972) Man and environment.The Nigerian situation.In aug. Lect. Ser.Univ. Ife.International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online ISSN:168-8662 – www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 1 Number 3, December 2012 (In Press) ISDS Article ID: JDS12111201
Inoni O.E. & Oyaide W. J. (2007). Socio-Economic Analysis of Artisanal Fishing in the South Agro-Ecological zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica. 40(4):135.
Ipinmoroti O. (2012). Salvaging Fisheries Systems in the face of Climate change. In: Etim L. & Oribhabor B. (Editors) Current Issues in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo. 18: 167-175.
Ita, E.O., (1993). Inland Fisheries Resources of Nigeria. FAO, CIFA Occasional Paper No. 20, Rome, Italy. FAO. pp 120.
Jallow, A (2009) fishing for Alternatives.
Ly, C.K. (1980) The role of the Akosombo dam on the Volta river in causing erosion incentral and eastern Ghana (West Africa). Mar. Geol. 37: 323-332.
Matthew S. (2001). Small-scale Fisheries Perspective on an Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries management paper presented at the Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, Reykjavik, Iceland. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
Moses B.S. (1979). The Cross River: its ecology and fisheries. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Kainji Lake and River Development in Africa. Kainji Lake Research Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria. 355 - 371 pp.
Moses, B.S. (1983). Introduction to Tropical Fisheries. Ibadan University Press.
Moses B.S. (1990). The status of artisanal fisheries and fish resources conservation in southeastern Nigeria. Trans. Nig. Soc. Biol. Conserve., 1: 43 – 60.
Moses B.S. (2002). Tropical fisheries. Abeam Publishing Co., Nigeria. 150p.
Mustapha M. K. (2013). Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Artisanal Fisheries of Nigeria. J Earth Sci Climate Change 4: 130. doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000130.
Okeowo T.A., Bolarinwa J.B. and Ibrahim D (2014). Socioeconomic Analysis of Artisanal fishing and Dominant fish species in lagoon waters of EPE and Badagry areas of Lagos state.
Olomola A. S. (1998). Sources and Resolution of Conflicts in Nigeria Artisanal Fisheries. Society and Natural Resources. 11:121.
Orensanz J. M, Parma, A. M. Jerez G., Barahona N., Montecinos M., Elias, I (2005). What are the key Elements for the Sustainability of “S-Fisheries� Bulletin of Marine Science, Vol. 76, NO. 2. pp527-556.
Oyakhilomen, O. and Zibah, R. G. (2013). Fishery Production and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Pathway for Sustainable Economic Development. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol.15, NO. 2, ISSN: 1520-5509. pp 11.
Pro-Natura International (Nigeria) (2004). Status Report on Community Natural Resources in Eastern Obolo LGA, Akwa Ibom State. A Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Report by Natural Resources Advocacy Team.
Scott, J.S., 1966. Report on the fisheries of the Niger Delta special area. A publication of the defunct Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB). Port Harcourt, Nigeria, pp: 160.
Shettima B.G, Mohammed S.T., Ghide A.A. and Zindam P.L. (2014). Analysis of Socio-economic Factors Affecting Artisanal Fishermen around Lake Alau, Jere local government area of Borno state, Nigeria.
Stirn, J. (1981) Manual of methods in aquatic environment of pollution effects (Guide lines
for the FAO GFCM/UNEP joint Coordinated Project on Pollution in
Meditarranean).FAO Fish Tech. Pap 209: 1-190.
Teugels G., Reid G.M. and King R.P. (1992). Fishes of the Cross River Basin (Cameroon - Nigeria): Taxonomy, zoogeography, ecology and conservation. Musee Royal De L’Afrique Centrale: Annales Sciences Zoologiques, Vol. 266: 132pp.
Tobor, J. G. (1990): “The Fishing Industry in Nigeriaâ€: Status and Potential Self Sufficiency in Fish Production. National Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOR) Victoria island, Lagos, Technical paper No. 54 pp 2-10
Tsadu, S.M., Ojutiku, R.O and Anyawale, A.V. (2006). A survey of fungal contamination of some fish species from Tagwai Daru, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Jour. Of Tropical Biosciences. 6: pp 1-5.
Udoidiong O.M. and King R.P. (2000). Faunal assemblages of some Nigerian rainforest stream. Journal Aquatic Science, 15: 1-8.
VRA, (1995) Appendices to the Report of Preparatory commission. Her Majesty Stationary
Office, London.
Wheatson, F.W and Lawson T.B (1981) Preservation of Aquacultural Products.
Williams, J. N. (1995). “Economic Analysis of Crayfish Production, Processing and Marketing amongst Rural Women in Rivers State,†Nigeria. Unpublished MSc Thesis Department of Agric. Economics University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria.
Annune, P. A and Ogbe F.G (2000): “Problems of Capture Fisheries in Benue Stateâ€, 15th Annual Conference of fisheries society of Nigeria held on Jos, Plateau State 19th – 24th March 2000. Pp. 49-52.
Akeredolu, M.O (1990) Constraints to technology transfer in Artisanal Fisheries. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis Dept. of Agricultural Extension, University of Ibadan.
Awosika, L.F., 1991. Geology, hydrography, coastal erosion and settlement planning in relation to the Artisanal fishery development in the Niger Delta: Proceedings of the 1991 fisheries development extensionists training programme course by IFAD held at Uyo, pp: 36-41.
Bolorunduro P. (1996). Livestock and Fish Production Technology for Women in Agriculture. In
Proceedings of National trading workshop held at NAERI. 65-68.
Berkes F., Mahon R., McConney P. A., Pollnas R. B., Pomeroy R. S. (2007): Managing Small-scale Fisheries; Alternative Directions and Methods. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
Clement, A. R. (2013). Vulnerability of Fisheries Livelihood in the Coastal Area of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, Vol. 5, NO 2: ISSN 2078- 4589, pp 152- 158.
Coul, R. J. (1993). World Fisheries Resources. Routledge Pub. Company.London.
Ekpo I.E. (2012a). Hydrobiological study of Ikpa River in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Ph. D Dissertation, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Pp 487.
Ekpo I.E. (2012b). Diversity and condition factor of fish species of Ikpa River at Nwaniba in Niger Delta, Nigeria. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 1(1): 36-47.
Ekpo F. E. & Nzegblue E. C., (2012). Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Opportunities on Agricultural Production in Communities around Itu LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science, 2(4).
Ekpo I.E. (2013a). Women’s participation in lower Ikpa River fisheries of Akwa Ibom State
Nigeria: A case - study of Ifiayong. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8(1): 268 - 278.
Ekpo I.E. (2013b). Effect of physico-chemical parameters on zooplankton species and density of a tropical rainforest river in Niger Delta, Nigeria using Canonical Cluster Analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2(4): 13 -21.
Ekpo I.E., Chude L.A., Onuoha G.C. and Udoh J.P. (2012c). Studies on the physico-chemical
characteristics and nutrients of a tropical rainforest river in southeast Nigeria. AACL Bioflux, 5(3):142-162.
Ekpo I. E. & Essien-Ibok M. A., (2013). Development, Prospects and Challenges of Artisanal Fisheries in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science Management and Engineering Research, 2(3): 69-85.
Enyenihi U. K. (1990). Biological Conservation for Environmental Stability and Food Production. Trans. Nig. Soc. Boil. Conserve. 1:4-10.
Essen A.A. (1990). Review of the fisheries resources of Akwa Ibom State and the need for effective conservation. Trans. Nig. Soc. Boil. Conserve. 1: 116 – 129.
Etim L. (2010). The tragedy of the commons: alleviating the tragedy by managing the commons in Nigerian waters. The 27th Inaugural Lecture of the University of Uyo held on 27th May 2010. University of Uyo Press, Nigeria. Pp 60.
Etim L. and Brey T. (1994). Growth, productivity and significance for fisheries of the bivalve
Egeria radiata (Donacidae) in the Cross River, Nigeria. Archives of Fisheries and Marine Research, 42(1): 63 – 75.
Etim L. and Akpan E.R. (1991). Seasonal variation of metals (Hg, Pb, As) in the body tissue of
Egeria radiata (Lam) (Bivalvia: Tellinnacea: Donacidae) from the Cross River, Nigeria. Revue Zoology Africana. Journal of African Zoology, 105: 465 – 472.
Etim L., Akpan E.R. and Muller P. (1991). Temporal trends in heavy metals concentration in the clam, Egeria radiate (Bivalvia: Tellinnacea: Donacidae) from the Cross River, Nigeria. Revue d’Hydrobiolgy Tropicale, 24 (4): 327 – 333.
Eyo, A. A. (1992): “Utilization of Fresh Water Fish Species in Nigeriaâ€.Proceedings of 10th Annual Conference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria,
Zaria pp 32-38
Federal Office of Statistics (1999): Annual Abstract of Statistics, 1999 Edition, Abuja Nigeria. Pp 342 - 345
Food and Agricultural Organisation (1985) “Summary of Proceedings and Selected Papers on Planning and implementation of Fishers Management
and Development Programmes in Africaâ€. Fishers’ report 360, FAO/UN
Rome.
FAO (1986). Report of the CECAF adhoc working group on demersal and shrimp resources of the Gulf of Guinea. CECAF series 86/36, 108.
Food and Agricultural organization (1993) B.P Satia. “Ten years of integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.†Technical Report No.
50 (FAO 1993).
Food and Agricultural Organization (2002). “Promoting the Contribution of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and the Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation.†FAO Fisheries Report No.678 (Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, 2002)
FAO (2007). Building adaptive capacity to climate change policies to sustain livelihoods and fisheries. New direction in fisheries-A Series of policy briefs in fisheries development issues. 08:16.
Gorden, C. E. (1993) Engineering, Economics and Fisheries Management. Buckland Foundation Books.
Gordon, C., (1988) Agriculture in the drawdown of the Volta Lake: present status and
prospects. 3rd International Wetlands Conference. Rennes.
Ibrahim, B. U. Auta, J. Balogun, J. K. (2009). A survey of the Artisanal Fisheries of Kontagora Reservoir, Niger State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.2, NO: 1: pp 47-51.
IFAD (1988) Nigeria, Artisanal Fisheries project Appraisal report. 61.
Imeybore, A.M.A., (1972) Man and environment.The Nigerian situation.In aug. Lect. Ser.Univ. Ife.International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online ISSN:168-8662 – www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 1 Number 3, December 2012 (In Press) ISDS Article ID: JDS12111201
Inoni O.E. & Oyaide W. J. (2007). Socio-Economic Analysis of Artisanal Fishing in the South Agro-Ecological zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica. 40(4):135.
Ipinmoroti O. (2012). Salvaging Fisheries Systems in the face of Climate change. In: Etim L. & Oribhabor B. (Editors) Current Issues in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo. 18: 167-175.
Ita, E.O., (1993). Inland Fisheries Resources of Nigeria. FAO, CIFA Occasional Paper No. 20, Rome, Italy. FAO. pp 120.
Jallow, A (2009) fishing for Alternatives.
Ly, C.K. (1980) The role of the Akosombo dam on the Volta river in causing erosion incentral and eastern Ghana (West Africa). Mar. Geol. 37: 323-332.
Matthew S. (2001). Small-scale Fisheries Perspective on an Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries management paper presented at the Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, Reykjavik, Iceland. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
Moses B.S. (1979). The Cross River: its ecology and fisheries. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Kainji Lake and River Development in Africa. Kainji Lake Research Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria. 355 - 371 pp.
Moses, B.S. (1983). Introduction to Tropical Fisheries. Ibadan University Press.
Moses B.S. (1990). The status of artisanal fisheries and fish resources conservation in southeastern Nigeria. Trans. Nig. Soc. Biol. Conserve., 1: 43 – 60.
Moses B.S. (2002). Tropical fisheries. Abeam Publishing Co., Nigeria. 150p.
Mustapha M. K. (2013). Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Artisanal Fisheries of Nigeria. J Earth Sci Climate Change 4: 130. doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000130.
Okeowo T.A., Bolarinwa J.B. and Ibrahim D (2014). Socioeconomic Analysis of Artisanal fishing and Dominant fish species in lagoon waters of EPE and Badagry areas of Lagos state.
Olomola A. S. (1998). Sources and Resolution of Conflicts in Nigeria Artisanal Fisheries. Society and Natural Resources. 11:121.
Orensanz J. M, Parma, A. M. Jerez G., Barahona N., Montecinos M., Elias, I (2005). What are the key Elements for the Sustainability of “S-Fisheries� Bulletin of Marine Science, Vol. 76, NO. 2. pp527-556.
Oyakhilomen, O. and Zibah, R. G. (2013). Fishery Production and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Pathway for Sustainable Economic Development. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol.15, NO. 2, ISSN: 1520-5509. pp 11.
Pro-Natura International (Nigeria) (2004). Status Report on Community Natural Resources in Eastern Obolo LGA, Akwa Ibom State. A Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Report by Natural Resources Advocacy Team.
Scott, J.S., 1966. Report on the fisheries of the Niger Delta special area. A publication of the defunct Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB). Port Harcourt, Nigeria, pp: 160.
Shettima B.G, Mohammed S.T., Ghide A.A. and Zindam P.L. (2014). Analysis of Socio-economic Factors Affecting Artisanal Fishermen around Lake Alau, Jere local government area of Borno state, Nigeria.
Stirn, J. (1981) Manual of methods in aquatic environment of pollution effects (Guide lines
for the FAO GFCM/UNEP joint Coordinated Project on Pollution in
Meditarranean).FAO Fish Tech. Pap 209: 1-190.
Teugels G., Reid G.M. and King R.P. (1992). Fishes of the Cross River Basin (Cameroon - Nigeria): Taxonomy, zoogeography, ecology and conservation. Musee Royal De L’Afrique Centrale: Annales Sciences Zoologiques, Vol. 266: 132pp.
Tobor, J. G. (1990): “The Fishing Industry in Nigeriaâ€: Status and Potential Self Sufficiency in Fish Production. National Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOR) Victoria island, Lagos, Technical paper No. 54 pp 2-10
Tsadu, S.M., Ojutiku, R.O and Anyawale, A.V. (2006). A survey of fungal contamination of some fish species from Tagwai Daru, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Jour. Of Tropical Biosciences. 6: pp 1-5.
Udoidiong O.M. and King R.P. (2000). Faunal assemblages of some Nigerian rainforest stream. Journal Aquatic Science, 15: 1-8.
VRA, (1995) Appendices to the Report of Preparatory commission. Her Majesty Stationary
Office, London.
Wheatson, F.W and Lawson T.B (1981) Preservation of Aquacultural Products.
Williams, J. N. (1995). “Economic Analysis of Crayfish Production, Processing and Marketing amongst Rural Women in Rivers State,†Nigeria. Unpublished MSc Thesis Department of Agric. Economics University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria.
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2018-01-31
How to Cite
Ifeanyi-obi, C. C., & Iremesuk, P. (2018). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ARTISANAL FISHING IN EASTERN OBOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 22(1), 55–66. Retrieved from https://journal.aesonnigeria.org/index.php/jae/article/view/1185
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General Extension and Teaching Methods
